LKS Substrate (AMA, SMA, LKM)

LKS is a screening blood panel for Liver, Kidney and Sugar. It usually includes liver function tests (ALT, AST, bilirubin), kidney markers (creatinine, urea, eGFR) and blood glucose (fasting or HbA1c). It screens organ function, detects diabetes risk and helps monitor medications. Abnormal results require follow-up and further testing by your healthcare provider.

A positive anti‑mitochondrial antibody (AMA) test indicates an autoimmune response targeting cell mitochondria and is most strongly associated with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). It suggests bile duct inflammation and progressive cholestasis, especially when liver enzymes are abnormal. AMA can occasionally appear with other autoimmune conditions. Positive results warrant further evaluation by a hepatologist, including liver function tests, imaging, and possible biopsy to confirm diagnosis and guide treatment.

LKM antibody stands for liver–kidney microsomal antibody (often written anti‑LKM). These autoantibodies target microsomal antigens in hepatocytes and renal tubular cells, commonly directed against cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Detection of LKM antibodies is associated with autoimmune hepatitis type 2 and helps with diagnosis and monitoring alongside clinical and biochemical assessment.

AMA stands for antimitochondrial antibodies detected in an ANA profile. A positive AMA, especially AMA‑M2, strongly suggests primary biliary cholangitis — an autoimmune bile-duct disease — and prompts liver function tests and hepatology referral. Low titers can occur in other conditions or healthy older adults, so results are interpreted with clinical features and further testing (imaging, specific AMA subtypes, and autoimmune markers).

Yes. Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is regarded as an epileptic disorder—specifically an epileptic encephalopathy—characterized by acquired language regression and prominent epileptiform activity on EEG. Children may have overt seizures, subclinical epileptic discharges, or both. Treatment often includes antiepileptic medications, corticosteroids, or other interventions to control epileptiform activity.

SMA stands for Smooth Muscle Antibody. The SMA blood test detects antibodies against smooth muscle proteins and is used to help diagnose autoimmune liver conditions, especially autoimmune hepatitis. A positive SMA can suggest immune-mediated liver injury, but results are interpreted with clinical findings and other tests (e.g., liver function tests and additional autoantibody panels) to confirm diagnosis and disease activity.